ZBNF - Basic Details -Work In Progress

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see Subhash Palekar's SPNF/ZBNF.

Here we are going to see the basic details and not the entire models as they are well covered in his books and seminar.


Basic Information

• One Desi Cow is sufficient for 30 acres of land.
• Carbon & Nitrogen (C:N) in 10:1 ratio is required for humus creation.
• Top soil 4.5-6 inches /10-15 cms has humus. So, only the top soil of about 10 cms to be harrowed or cultivated.
• High humus can be created by cutting down the crops after seed maturation.

Cultivation

• 200 to 400 Kg Ghanjiwamitra per acre to be applied on the soil per year.
• Last cultivation to be done by shallow harrowing operation so that Ghanjiwamitra mixes well in the soil.
• Cultivate the land very well and no deep ploughing is necessary.

Trenches

• Trenches to be dug against the slope.  If there is no visible slope, the trenches can be dug in any direction.
• The size of the trenches varies according to the model implemented.
• (eg., 36 X 36 model requires 2.5-3 ft wide X 1.5-2 ft deep)
• Dig "V" shape trenches.
• Dugout soil of the trenches to be placed on either side of the trenches.
• Alternate trenches to be dug.
• Mulching to be done in the trenches as and when the harvest of the crop is completed.

Irrigation

• Irrigate in alternate trenches in alternate times.
• Pour 200-400 Litres per acre Jiwamitra in the irrigation water.
• In rainy season, one cup of Jiwamitra to be poured in between the two plants.

Mulching 

• All intercrops supply regular straw material though out the year to be placed in the trenches.
• After harvest of Drumstick pods, leaves to be used as mulching.
• Straw mulching to be placed in the trenches before monsoon starts.
• 200-400 Litres per acre to be poured on the straw mulch after 3:00 pm for better results.
• Both monocot & dicot to be used as mulching (2/3rd dicot legumes and 1/3 rd monocot)
• Not more than 6 inches of straw mulching to be applied on the soil.
• Straw mulching thickness should be 12 fingers (22 cms).
• Sugarcane trash of 6 tons per hectare can be applied.  3 tons for 2 times/year.
• Annual grasses are a necessity in fruit trees or sugarcane crops as the Mycorrhiza are available in the roots of the grasses.
• In newly planted fruit trees, cut the grass at 20 cms height and mulch.
• Perennial grasses to be removed entirely.  Straw mulching reduces the growth of perennial grasses.

Pesticides

• If there is existence of eggs of insects on the leaves, immediately spray the pesticides.
• Neem Paste to be applied on the surface of the stem of fruits trees (cashewnut, coffee, cocoa, coconut etc) three times a year.
• Before monsoon start i.e. in the last week of May.
• After South West monsoon returned back i.e. last week of Oct.
• After North East monsoon returned back i.e. in Jan.

Intercrop

1. After harvesting of pods & fruits of creeper vegetables, pull the creeper plants into the trenches as act as mulch.
2. Spread 100 kg GJ on both the bank sides of the trenches.
3. Dibble winter pulses & winter creeper vegetables.
4. Repeat Step No.1.
5. Dibble summer pulses & summer creeper vegetables.
6. Repeat Step No.1.
7. Spread 200 kg GJ on both the bank sides of the trenches.
8. Dibble rainy pulses & rainy creeper vegetables.
9. Repeat this process every year.

Weeds

• First 3 months of planting, the weeds have to be uprooted.
• After 3 months of planting, the weeds to be cut down (3 inches from the soil).
• Vacant belts to be harrowed twice a month.

How to produce Termites (White Ants) for feeding Country Chicken?

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see How to produce Termites (Whites Ants) for feeding Country Chicken?

By producing feed for country chickens, the cost of the feed can be reduced as well as increase the weight of the chicken.

1. Take a big clay pot.
2. Fill it up with any organic wastes.  A few of them are given below:-
1. Any dried straws like Paddy, Wheat etc
2. Old jute sack or bag
3. Dried Leaves
4. Dried Cow Dung
5. Paper
6. Cardboard Boxes
7. Dead Wood
8. Husks like Coconut husk, Paddy Husk etc
3. Fill the pot with one layer of anyone of the organic wastes available.
4. Sprinkle a little bit of water to moist the layer.  The layer should not be wet but only moist.
5. The layers should not be compacted and should be kept loose.
6. Add the additional layers and repeat the process until the pot is completely full.
7. Invert the Pot and keep in a cool shady place.
8. Termites will be available on the next day itself for feeding the chickens.

Looking for Answers

I am looking for the right place to get answers for the following questions that I have in mind for a long time.

1. What is the Average Profit / Per Acre / Per Year for the crops? This data will help the farmers to select the appropriate number of crops rather than a single crop.
2. What is the crown size of the plants? To determine the optimal distance between the rows and between each tree.
3. What is the root depth and root width of the plants?  This data will help to understand the competition between the roots of the crops for water and nutrients.
4. What are the shade-loving crops? This data will help the farmers to choose the inter-crop while having large shade in their plantations.
5. What are the crops that be kept for a long time (how many months/years) after harvest?  This data can help the farmers to choose the crops and sell the produce at the right time.
6. What are the timbers trees and their growth period?

Is there any pointers available on the net for the above questions?  If anybody has information, please pass them on.

Please note that the above queries are related to India specific crops and hence require information in  regards to crops that are grown in India.

Organic Termite Control Method 1

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see the ways to control Termites organically.  This method has been recommended by Bhaskar Save.

Please note that control of termites is not necessary in Natural or Organic Farming.  Only in extreme conditions, the termites may be controlled.

Required Ingredients

S.No.	Ingredient Name	Qty in Litres/Grams/Kgs
1	Cow Urine	1 Litre
2	Leaves of Bitter Neem, Calotropis gigantea, Pongamia pinnata	As required

Method of Preparation

1. Take 1 Litre of Cow Urine.
2. Crush the leaves of Bitter Neem, Calotropis gigantea, Pongamia pinnata and submerge in cow's urine.
3. Stir the contents well and ensure the leaves are mixed well and submerged properly.
4. Allow to ferment for 24 hours.

Note:

• Please note that the stick (neem stick is better or any pole) used for mixing the ingredients should be cleaned before & after the usage so as to avoid maggots formations in the pesticide.
• The pesticide should be kept in the shade and covered with a wire mesh or plastic mosquito net to prevent houseflies from laying eggs and the formation of maggots (worms) in the solution.

Method of Storage

1. Not Applicable

How long can we store the Pesticide?

1. Not Applicable

How to use the Pesticide?

1. Spray System - The pesticide can be applied on the termite mound.

Note:

• Dilute 1 Litre of the pesticide with 8 Litres of Water before applying.
• Second spraying within 10 days is recommended.

When to use the Pesticide?

1. Generally, the ideal time for applying the paste is during 6 am to 8.30 am and between 4 pm and 6.30 pm.

Which pests are controlled by the Pesticide?

1. The pesticide is effective in controlling the termites.

An Introduction to Bhaskar Save's "The Platform and Trench Method"

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see Bhaskar Save's "The Platform and Trench Method".  This method is mainly used for orchard plantations and even can be used for all other crops except for Rice.

This method uses least amount of water compared even to drip irrigation and hence all of the farmers should adopt this method.

1. What is the direction of the pits?
• North to South axis should be the direction in which the pits are to be created
• Since the Sun moves from Jun 21st to Dec 20th in the Southern direction and the Sun moves from Dec 21st to Jun 20th in the Northern direction, the sunlight is optimal used by all the crops.
2. How long the pits should be exposed to the sun?
• The pit should be left to dry in the sunlight for 15 days
3. What is the size of the pit?
   • The size of the pit depends on the plant
   • For e.g., the size of the pit for coconut is 3 ft x 3 ft x 3 ft
4. What are the things that are to be used for filling the pit?
• For e.g., the under mentioned has to be followed for 3 ft x 3 ft x 3 ft size
• First Top 9 inches - River Silt
• Next 6 inches        - Cow Dung
• Next 6 inches        - River Silt
• Next 6 inches        - Soil got from top layer of earth while digging the pit
• Next 6 inches        - Wood Power or Paddy Bark & 500 gm bone meal
1. Open Question - Only 2 & 3/4 have been filled. Is this an oversight in the book?
5. How many trenches are required between the plants?
• In the initial stages, every plant will have 2 trenches
• Once the plant reaches the optimal size, only one trench is required at the centre of the 2 plants
6. What should be the size of the trenches?
• The trench should be of 1.5 ft wide and 9 inches deep
7. What should be the direction in which the trenches are to be created?
• North to South axis should be the direction in which the trenches are to be created
8. What is the distance of the trench from the plant?
• The distance of the trench from the plant varies according to the plant
• For e.g., the following is the trench plan for coconut
• 1st Trench - 1 ft away from the platform (centre of the plant)
• 2nd Trench - 3 ft away from the platform (centre of the plant) - after 2 years
• 3rd Trench -  5 ft away from the platform (centre of the plant) - after 4-5 years
• 4th Trench -  12 ft away from the platform (centre of the plant) - after 8-10 years
• Generally, 4 or 5 times only, the trenches are moved
• The trench plan varies according to the tree chosen.  By observing the canopy, the trench plan can be planned.
9. When should the trenches be closed?
• When a new trench is opened, the previous trench should be closed by filling or placing organic wastes, cow dung and filled with soil on the top and closed
10. Is tilling necessary?
• Initial tilling is recommended for horticulture crops but seasonal crops may require tilling based on the soil condition
11. Is weeding necessary?
• Weeding is not necessary at all
• Weeds or grasses should not be uprooted and the roots will bind the soil
• Weeds or grasses can be cut only when the growth of the crops is affected due to the shade of the weeds or grasses
• Weeds or grasses to be cut at 2 inches above the soil (twice a year) and mulched at the same place and it becomes manure
• Weeds to be cut before they flower and mulch them at least 3-4 inches thick on the soil so that the sunlight does not penetrate and the weeds will not come again
12. Does the crops require water directly?
• Most of the crops require moisture rather than water directly and rice is the only exception to this
13. How to irrigate the crops?
• Irrigation (of water) should be done only in the trenches
• Irrigation should be done in alternate rows of the trenches
• For e.g., 1st (Odd Number) time the left side of the trench is irrigated and the 2nd (Even Number) time the right side of the trench is irrigated.  This allows the roots to breathe well
14. How to identify the right time to irrigate the crops?
• Croton plants to be planted at the edges of the trenches to identify the moisture level in the soil
• Croton plants will droop once the water level goes below 10 inches as the roots of the croton plants are not more than 10 inches
• Water to be provided within 2-3 days of time, once the croton plants wither (for mature trees)
• Water immediately, once the croton plants wither (for young saplings)
15. When to irrigate the crops?
• Water the plants every alternate days.  As they grow, water them every 3rd or 4th day and can be extended to 10 days after much growth
• Irrigation should be done every 15 days in the summer and every 25 days in the winter once the crops reach their optimal maturity
16. What are the things that can be used as manure?
• Weeds, grasses, organic wastes, kitchen wastes, city's green waste, cow dung,  animal waste, pond soil, river soil can be used
17. Where to manure?
• All the manures are to be placed either near the edges of the trenches or on the inside of the walls of the trenches
• Bio slurry (liquid manures) can be placed inside the trenches
18. How to protect the crops?
• Tulsi, Curry leaves help in controlling the pests and should be planted at the edges of the trenches
• One part of Cow Urine:Eight parts of water can be applied or sprayed on the plants to protect the crops
19. How to improve the soil?
• 2 inches of new river silt can be placed on top of the soil for improving the fertility of the soil
• To improve the soil, humus has to be created.  For creating humus, scatter cow dung, organic wastes two months before the rains
20. How much of the soil is fertile?
• Generally, the top 6 inches of the soil is the most fertile soil and most of the organisms live in this layer and hence the top soil should not be disturbed often
21. How long does it take to improve the soil?
• The fertility of the soil improves in 3-4 years time by continuously following the improvement methods
22. Is Fencing required?
• Fencing is a must just to avoid humans and cattle tramping the land and hardening the soil
23. What are the crops that can be grown in the shade?
• Arecanut, Betelnut Vines, Black Pepper or Pepper Vines, Curry leaf shrubs, Spices & Ayurvedic medicines etc. can be planted in the shade
24. When the shade crops need to be introduced?
• The shade tolerant or shade preferring species are planted once the trees are fully grown and cover the entire plot
25. Where the shade crops to be planted?
•  The shade loving crops are planted at the edges of the trench
26. How will the crops grown in the shade will get moisture?
    • The shade tolerant species will get the moisture as it is planted near the trenches
27. How much seeds (for seasonal crops) to be saved for future use?
• Seeds to be saved for at least 2 cycles of seasonal crop
28. General Information
• Compass is required to identify the right direction for planting the saplings
• Seeds of local varieties are to be purchased within 7-8 kms radius
• Buy a sapling after seeing the mother plant and its health condition
29. How long can the crops be harvested without sowing?
    • Banana can be cultivated up o 7 times
    • 3 baby plants are kept of different ages
    • The old banana of 7 years production is kept as it is for creating the cool environment (the leaves can be cut and sold)
    • Sugarcane can be harvested for a lifetime once sown and grown in moisture
30. Is pruning necessary in Baskar Save's model?

References :

1. "The Way to Health, Wealth and Happiness" by Ashok Sanghavi
2. "The Vision of Natural Farming" by Bharat Mansata

Disease Management - Leaf Miner Control

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see the ways to control Leaf Miner.

Leaf Miner can be controlled by different methods.

Pre Control Method:

Solution 1:

• Yellow or Blue Sticky Traps need to be placed.  This will catch the egg laying adults.

Post Control Method:

Solution 1:

• If the Leaf Miner issue is seen in few leaves, those leaves can be plucked away by hand and destroyed properly by burning them or crushing them.
• If the Leaf Miner issue is seen throughout the plant but heavy damage is seen in few leaves, only those leaves need to be plucked away by hand and destroyed properly by burning them or crushing them and also apply the solutions given below.

Solution 2:

• Take 30 ml of Neem Oil and mix it with water.
• Add a little bit of dish washer soap or Khadi Soap in the water and stir well.
• This solution should be sprayed both on top and bottom of the leaves.

Solution 3:

• 2 Teaspoons of Vegetable Oil with 1 Teaspoon of liquid dish washer is required for 500 ml of water.
• The contents should be stirred well before use.
• This solution should be sprayed both on top and bottom of the leaves.

An Introduction to Country Chicken Farming

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see Country Chicken Farming.

In this blog, we will see the important aspects of Country Chicken Farming (Poultry).  The entire focus of this blog is towards the traditional or indigenous or desi or local or country chicken breeds.  The information provided here is suited for Free Range type of rearing and can be combined in an Integrated Farming method.

The entire blog will be presented in a Question & Answer format.  While it will be beneficial for the first time user to read the entire blog, the frequent users of this blog can just focus on their specific needs.

1. What are the feeds that chickens eat?
• Chickens eat a lot of different things but a few are given below
• Agathi Leaves
• Azolla
• Amaranthus Leaves (Greens)
• Dried Fish (Finely grinded)
• Kudirai Masal Leaves
• Leaves (Tender Ones)
• Maize
• Millets (Cumbu etc)
• Oil Cakes (Groundnut etc)
• Paddy
• Passi (in Tamil)
• Rice (Broken Ones)
• Sea Shell (Finely grinded)
• Seeds (any)
• Sorghum
• Subabul Leaves
• Termites
• Wheat Flour
• Worms
• Vegetable Wastes etc
2. How many times to feed in a day?
• Chickens to be provided feed twice a day (morning and evening)
3. How many times to provide them with water in a day?
• Chickens to be provided water twice a day (morning and evening)
• 1 Gram feed intake requires 2.5 Milli Litres of water
• 100 chickens require 30-35 Litres/day
4. How much to feed?
• Chickens eat 6-7 kgs concentrate in their entire life
5. When does the chickens be allowed to graze?
• The pregnant chickens should be allowed to graze in the afternoon period only
6. What is the % of expenses that goes towards feed?
• 60% of the expenses goes towards feeding the chickens
7. What is the average Male:Female ratio?
• 1 (M):10 (F) is the average ratio
8. What is the lifetime of a chicken?
• Chickens live up to 15 years
9. What is the right age for buying a chicken?
• Chickens of 5-7 months is the right age for buying for reproduction
• Buy chickens as well as the cock from various places to have diversification
10. When does the chickens start laying eggs?
• Chickens will start laying eggs after 26 weeks of age
11. How much eggs does a chicken lay in a clutch (continuously)?
• A chicken lays up to 15 eggs in a clutch
12. When does the chicken lay the eggs?
• Normally, the chickens lays the eggs in the morning period
13. Where does the chickens brood?
• Normally, chickens feel safe to brood in a dark place
14. How to identify the dates of the laid eggs?
• The only way to identify the dates of the eggs is to put the days in the eggs using a marker
15. How many eggs can a chicken brood at a time?
• 9-11 eggs can be kept for brooding at a time
16. Which eggs are to kept for brooding?
• The last laid eggs (9-11) are good for brooding
17. Within how many days, the eggs has to be kept for brooding?
• Within 10 days of laying the eggs, the eggs need to be kept for brooding
18. How to keep the eggs until the brooding time?
• A pot with a little bit of salt in it will keep the eggs in good condition for 10 days
19. How many eggs are laid in a year?
• On an average, 70-80 eggs are laid in a year
20. How long does it take for a new chicken to get familiar/used to the new environment?
• A chicken take 4-5 days to get familiar/used to the environment meaning they will remember the new home
21. How to help the chickens in brooding?
• A round shaped circle containing sand with a little bit of ash, charcoal, a iron piece and 3 pieces of dry chillies should be kept for brooding
• On top of the sand, paddy straw can be placed for comfort
• Charcoal will absorb the moisture
• Dry chillies will keep the place free from ants, insects etc
• Iron piece will absorb lightning
22. How long does it take for the chicks to emerge out of the eggs?
• Chicks emerge out of the eggs in 21 days
23. How to take care of the chicks in the initial period?
• Chicks to be kept in the cages until they can fly a little bit
• A little bit of turmeric to be added in the water for 1 week for providing the chicks
24. What is the average weight of a fully grown chicken?
• Chickens attain 1.5 kgs of weight in 5-6 months
25. What other poultry goes well with chickens?
• Turkey and Guinea Fowl goes well with chickens
• It is said that they eat small insects including small snakes
26. When to retire the chickens?
• After 27 months, the laying capacity of the female chickens will reduce and hence the chickens can be retired
• The male chickens (cock) is retired after one year and new one to be replaced
27. What are the indigenous breed varieties of chickens of Tamilnadu?
• Aseel
• Kirappukkoli
• Karunkalikkoli
• Kontaikkoli
• Kuruvukkoli
28. What are the indigenous breed varieties of chickens of India?
• Chicken Breeds of India
29. What is the ratio of chickens to be maintained?
• 60-80% of laying chickens is needed at any point of time
30. What to sell?
• Eggs that are not kept for reproducing can be sold
• One day old chickens can be sold after proper vaccination
• Male Chickens (Cocks) need to be kept to the average required as they tend to fight within them
• Chickens of 5-7 months of age can be sold (when it attains 1 kg and above)
• Chickens beyond their laying capacity (after 27 months) can be sold
31. When to sell?
• Should plan to grow in such a manner to sell them during religious festivals like Deepavali, Bakrid etc as it will fetch handsome returns for mass selling.  Otherwise, they can be sold even daily
32. What basis to sell?
• Eggs can be sold at double the market rate for white eggs in retail
• Chickens to be sold on Live Weight basis for meat purposes for better returns
• Chickens to be sold at 3/4 of market rate
• If the market rate is 400 Rs, the farmer can sell at 300 Rs leaving a margin of 33.33% to the buyer
• Chickens to be sold on Live Weight basis for growing purposes on par with the market rate or even 25% above the market rate
33. How much space is required for chickens?
• Chickens require 1-2 Sq Ft of space
34. What are the diseases that occur commonly in chickens?
• Fasting in a week improve the immunity in the chickens against diseases
• Country Chickens are hardly animals and are mostly disease resistant.  Still diseases can attack the chickens and they need to be managed by providing the proper medicines
35. What are the vaccination schedule?

    Age	Disease	Vaccine	Route
    1 day	Marek’s	HVT vaccine	I/M
    5-7 days	RD	Lasota/F	Occulonasal
    10-14 days	IBD	IBD Live	Drinking water
    24-28 days	IBD	IBD Live	Drinking water
    8th week	RD	R2B/RDVK	S/C
    16-18 week	RD	Killed/Live	S/C

36. What the main enemies of the chickens?
• Birds (mainly Vulture)
• Cats
• Rats
• Mongoose
• Snakes

An Introduction to Goat Farming

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see Goat Farming.

In this blog, we will see the important aspects of Goat Farming targeting the meat production.  The entire blog will be presented in a Question & Answer format.  While it will be beneficial for the first time user to read the entire blog, the frequent users of this blog can just focus on their specific needs.

The entire focus of this blog is towards the traditional or indigenous or desi or local breeds.

1. How many goats can be fed using 1 Acre?
• Generally, on an average 20-25 goats can be grown using feed from 1 Acre of land
2. When should the goats be brought into the farm?
• The farm should have planted grasses, trees etc 1 year before the first goat enters the farm.  This is applicable only to those farm where the grazing does not happen outside the farm
3. What are the feeds that goats eat?
• Generally goats eat anything and everything
4. What are the feeds that are dangerous to the goats?
• Nerium Oleander (Arali)
• Puscilla spp
• Lantana Camara (Unni Chedi)
• Ipomea Carnea (Neyveli kattamanakku)
5. How much to feed per day?
• Option 1
• Fresh Grass & Fresh Fodder - 3 Kgs
• Dry Grass & Dry Fodder ----- 300 Grams
• Concentrate -------------------- 250 Grams
• Option 2
• 4-5% of body weight
6. What is the ratio of the feeds?
• As a thumb rule 2/3rds of the energy requirements should be met through roughages. Half of the roughages should be leguminous green fodders and rest half should be grasses/tender tree leaves
7. How many times to feed in a day?
   • Feeding needs to be provided 3-5 times a day
8. What is the % of expenses that goes towards feed?
• 75% of the expenses goes towards feeding the goats
9. How much water is required per goat?
• Goats require 3 litres of water per day or 4 times their feed intake in relation to dry matter
10. What is the average Male:Female ratio?
• 1 (M):20-25 (F) is the average ratio
11. What is the parameter for buying a goat?
• A female goat which produces more kids than the average in a single delivery is always better
• A male goat which has fathered and delivered more kids than the average in a single delivery is always better
12. How much manure does a goat produce in a year?
    

    • On an average, 0.3 to 0.7 tonne manure is produced by a goat in a year
    • 2 Goats manure (including the urine) is good enough for 1 Acre for a year
13. What is the average weight of a fully grown goat?
    

    • Generally, the average weight will be 25 kgs
14. How long should we keep a new goat separately before it can be introduced with other goats?
    

    • New Goats should be kept under observation for about 15 days and then only should be allowed to mingle with other goats in the farm
15. How long a goat can be kept in the farm?
    • A goat can be kept for up to 10 years
16. What is the age for attainment of  puberty?
    • The female goats will reach puberty in 10 to 12 months age
    • The male goats will reach puberty in 12 to 14 months age
17. When should the first mating be allowed in a Male Goat?
• The first mating should happen during 12 to 14 months.  It would be even better if they are allowed to mate only after 2 years
18. What is the right age for castrating Male Kids?
    

    • Castrating of Male Kids should be done within 1 month of their birth
19. When to retire the male goat?
    • Male Goats should be retired each year
20. What is the maximum age for a Male Goat to be used for service?
    • 6-8 Years of age is the maximum age a male goat can be used for service
21. What is the average age of Male Goats and how many Female Goats can they service?
    • A Male Goat of 6 Months can service 5-6 Female Goats
    • A Male Goat of 18-24 Months can service 25-30 Female Goats
    • A Male Goat of age beyond 24 Months can service 50-60 Female Goats
22. What is the ratio of Female Goats to be maintained?
• Option 1
• 75% - 1.5 to 2 Years of age
• 20% - 2 to 4 Years of age
• 5% - 4 to 6 Years of age
• Option 2
• 1:2 ratio meaning 1 mother and 2 kids
• For ex., you should keep 20 kids for 10 female goats.  This way, the ratio can be maintained after every delivery assuming the average is 2 kids per delivery
23. What is the best age for procuring a goat for growing or breeding purposes?
• The best age a goat to be bought is 1.5-2 years
24. When should the first mating be allowed in a Female Goat?
• The first mating should happen during 10 to 12 months.  It would be even better if they are allowed to mate only after 1 year
25. When is the first delivery expected?
• The first delivery can be expected in 15 to 20 months
26. What is the best age for procuring a goat for growing or breeding purposes?
• The best age a goat to be bought is 1.5-2 years
27. When is the first delivery expected?
• The first delivery can be expected in 15 to 20 months
28. What is the pregnancy time?
• The pregnancy period is usually between 145-156 days
29. How much time is preferred between pregnancies?
• 34-99 days is the time gap required after birth
30. When to retire the female goat?
    
    • After the 6th Year, the female goats can be retired
31. What is the yield per pregnancy?
•  On an average, 1 to 2 kids can be expected per pregnancy.  Sometimes, it may be 3 to 4 kids also.
32. How long should the kid be allowed to drink milk?
    
    • The Kids should be allowed to drink milk for 2-3 months.  The kids will start eating grass from the 21st day onwards
33. What are the indigenous breed varieties of goats of Tamilnadu?
• Kanni Adu
• Kodi Adu
• Moolai Adu
• Pallai Adu
• Salem Karupu Adu
34. What are the indigenous breed varieties of goats of India?
• Indigenous Goats of India
35. What to sell?
• Female or Male Kids can be sold after 3 months for growing purposes
• Female Goats should be sold after 6 years of age or after 10 pregnancies
• Male Kids can be sold just before the next delivery or 8-9 months of age and above
• Adult Male Goats should be sold after keeping 1-1.5 year in the farm
36. When to sell?
• Should plan to grow in such a manner to sell them during religious festivals like Deepavali, Bakrid etc will fetch handsome returns
37. What basis to sell?
• Goats to be sold on Live Weight basis for meat purposes for better returns
• Goats to be sold at 3/4 of market rate
• If the market rate is 400 Rs, the farmer can sell at 300 Rs leaving a margin of 33.33% to the buyer
• Goats to be sold on Live Weight basis for growing purposes on par with the market rate or even 25% above the market rate
38. Misc
• Male goats to be kept separately from the herd as they normally stinks a lot
• Male goats kids and Female goats kids to be separated by the 4th month
• Kids to be separated from their mother after the 3rd month
• The fastest weight gain happens during the first 3-6 months of age
• Pregnant goats to be kept separately and not be allowed for roaming before 2 weeks of delivery
39. What are the important appliances required?
• Feeders
• Water Troughs
• Weighing Machine
• Chaff Cutter
• Burdizzo
40. How much space is required for goats?

Age groups	Covered space (sq.m)	Open space (sq.m)
Up to 3 months	0.2-0.25	0.4-0.5
3 months to 6 months	0.5-0.75	1.0-1.5
6 months to 12 months	0.75-1.0	1.5-2.0
Adult animal	1.5	3.0
Male, Pregnant or lactating ewe / doe	1.5-2.0	3.0- 4.0



41. What are the diseases that occur commonly in goats?
• Goats are hardy animals and they are usually disease free.  But it is generally accepted to vaccinate them for reducing the economic loss
42. What are the vaccination schedule?

    S.No.	Name of Disease	First Vaccination	Next Vaccination	Vaccine	Dosage	Immunity	Time of Vaccination
    1	Anthrax	At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb	Once Annually (In Affected area only)	Anthrax Spore Vaccine	1 ml S/C	1 Year	May-June
    2	Black Quarter(BQ)	3 months of age	Once Annually(Before monsoon)	BQ Vaccine	5 ml S/C	6 month & 1 Year	May-June
    3	Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia (CCPP)	At the age of 3 month & above for Kid or lamb	Once Annually(January month)	IVRI Vaccine	0.2 ml S/C	1 Year	--
    4	Enterotoxaemia (E.T)	At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb (If dam is vaccinated) At the age of 1st week for kid or lamb (If dam is not vaccinated)	Before monsoon (Preferably in May) Booster vaccination after 15 days of first vaccination	ET Vaccine	5 ml S/C	1 Year	May-June
    5	Foot & mouth disease (FMD)	At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb & above	Twice in a year (September & March)	Polyvalent FMD vaccine	3 ml S/C	1 Year	Feb & Dec
    6	Goat Pox	At the age of 3 month & above for Kid	Once Annually(December month)
    7	Haemorrhagic Septicemia (HS)	At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb	Once Annually Before monsoon	HS Vaccine	5 ml S/C	6 month & 1 Year	May-June
    8	Peste des petitis ruminants (PPR)	3 months of age	Once Annually	PPR Vaccine	1 ml S/C	1 Year
    9	Sheep Pox	3 months of age	Yearly Once		Adult - 5 ml S/c Kids - 2.5 ml S/c		Feb-Mar
    10	Tetanus	At the age of 3-4 months	repeat at 6 months and then annually		0.5 - 1 ml s/c or i/m

Improving Productivity with Bees

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see Improving Productivity with Bees.

Everyone knows that Bees play a major role in cross-pollination.  This will, in fact, improve the productivity to a greater extent in varying levels in different crops.

An acre of land can accommodate a minimum of 4 Beehives.

There are few options with regard to bees.  They are:

• Keeping Beehives on your own in your farm
• Requesting Beehive owners to place their beehives in your farm
• Inducing Bees to come to your farm

Keeping Beehives on your own in your farm

• By this practice, you get both productivity in crops as well different by-product from the Beehives.

Requesting Beehive owners to place to their beehives in your farm

• By this method, you get productivity as well as a share of the by-product of the Beehives and this can be negotiated with the Beehive owners.

Inducing Bees to come to your farm

• The following crops will induce the bees to come to your farm which will in turn help your main crops productivity
• Coconut
• Golden Show Tree (Sara Kondrai)
• Indian Kino Tree (Vengai)
• Indian Almond (Naval)
• East Indian Walnut (Vaagai)
• Cashewnut Tree (Munthiri)
• Manila Tamarind (Kodukapuli)
• Guava
• Sapota
• Moringa
• Onion
• Cotton
• Nila Sampangi
• Broad Beans (Avarai)
• Blackgram (Ulundu)
• Cowpea (Karamani /Thattapariyu)
• Chickpeas (Konda Kadalai)
• Puncture Vine (Nerunji)
• Poosani Varieties
• Karuvel
• Velvel
• Umbrella Thorn (Kudaivel)
• Palmyrah (Male Pannai)
• Arecanut  (Paakku)
• Sunflower
• Coriander
• Thumbai
• Lucerne (Kudirai Masal)
• Soya Beans
• Indian Jubube ((Elanthai)
• Theekuchi Maram
• Eluppai
• Agathi
• Elavam
• Neer Maruthu
• Naval
• Mango
• Neem
• Tamarind
• Pungan
• Chebulic Myrobalan (Kadukkai)
• Banana
• Gingely

Water Conservation in Ponds

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see Water Conservation in Ponds which will help the farmer to extend the water availability.

Usually, during the rainy season, the ponds get filled to the brim.  The water is lost due to seepage and evaporation as well as pond bund destabilisation which makes the mud fall into the pond thereby reducing the storage capacity.

To effectively control the issues pointed out, the following techniques can be applied.

Seepage

• Placing clay at the bottom as well as on the walls of the pond will reduce seepage

Evaporation

• Introducing the following plants in the pond will reduce the evaporation
• White Lotus
• Red Lotus
• Water Lily
• The above plants will cover the entire surface of the pond and this way it will reduce the evaporation to the maximum extent.

Bund Stabilization

• Vettiver can be planted on the bunds of the ponds which will ensure the soil does not erode/fall into the pond

Integrated Pest Management - Trap Crop Details

In our Agriculture for Everybody blog series, we are going to see Trap Crop Details which will help the farmer to protect his crops and improve productivity.


Cereals

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Rice	N/A
Wheat	N/A

Fibre Crops

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Agave	N/A
Cotton	Alfalfa Bhendi (1:10) Chickpea Corn (1:20) Cowpea (1:5) Okra (1:10) Sunflower (1:5) Tobacco (1:20)
Jute	N/A

Flower Crops

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Anthurium	N/A
Carnation	N/A
China Aster	N/A
Chrysanthemum	N/A
Crossandra	N/A
Cut Chrysanthemum	N/A
Cut Rose	N/A
Dendrobium Orchid	N/A
Gerbera	N/A
Gladious	N/A
Golden Rod	N/A
Jathimalli (Pitchi)	N/A
Lilium	N/A
Malligai	N/A
Marigold	N/A
Maruvu	N/A
Mullai	N/A
Nerium	N/A
Rose	N/A
Tuberose	N/A

Forage Crops

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Cumbu Napier	N/A
Deenanath Grass	N/A
Fodder Cholam	N/A
Fodder Cowpea	N/A
Fodder Cumbu	N/A
Fodder Maize	N/A
Guinea Grass	N/A
Kolukattai Pullu	N/A
Kudirai Masal	N/A
Muyal Masal	N/A
Soundal	N/A
Veli Masal	N/A

Fruit Crops

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Acidlime	N/A
Amla	N/A
Annona	N/A
Apple	Sunflower
Apricot	N/A
Avocado	N/A
Banana	N/A
Ber	N/A
Bilimbi	N/A
Bread Fruit	N/A
Carambola	N/A
Durian	N/A
Egg Fruit	N/A
Fig	N/A
Grapes	N/A
Guava	N/A
Jack	N/A
Jamun	N/A
Karonda	N/A
Kiwi	N/A
Lemon	N/A
Litchi	N/A
Loquat	N/A
Mandarin Orange	N/A
Mango	N/A
Mangosteen	N/A
Mulberry	N/A
Papaya	N/A
Passion Fruit	N/A
Peach	Sunflower
Pear	N/A
Persimmon	N/A
Phalsa	N/A
Pineapple	N/A
Plum	N/A
Pomegranate	N/A
Rambutan	N/A
Sapota	N/A
Strawberry	N/A
Sweet Orange	N/A
West Indian Cherry	N/A

Medicinal Crops

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Aswagandha	N/A
Gloriosa	N/A
Phylanthus	N/A
Senna	N/A
Stevia	N/A
Periwinkle	N/A
Pyrethrum	N/A
Digitalis	N/A
Medicinal Dioscorea	N/A
Medicinal Solanum	N/A
Aloevera	N/A
Medicinal Coleus	N/A
Tippili	N/A

Millets

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Cumbu	N/A
Kudiraivali	N/A
Maize	Sorghum
Panivaragu	N/A
Ragi	N/A
Samai	N/A
Sorghum	N/A
Tenai	N/A
Varagu	N/A

Oil Seeds

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Castor	N/A
Gingelly	N/A
Groundnut	Blackgram Cowpea
Niger	N/A
Safflower	N/A
Sunflower	Castor Marigold

Plantation Crops

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Arecanut	N/A
Betelvine	N/A
Cashewnut	N/A
Cocoa	N/A
Coconut	N/A
Coffee	N/A
Oilpalm	N/A
Palmyrah	N/A
Rubber	N/A
Tea	N/A

Pulses

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Bengalgram	Marigold
Blackgram	N/A
Cowpea	Gingelly
Field lablab	N/A
Garden lablab	N/A
Greengram	N/A
Horsegram	N/A
Redgram	Green Gram Soybean
Soybean	Green Beans Sesbania (15m)
Swordbean	N/A

Spices

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Allspice	N/A
Cardamom	N/A
Cinnamon	N/A
Clove	N/A
Coriander	N/A
Fennel	N/A
Fenugreek	N/A
Garlic	N/A
Ginger	N/A
Mustard	N/A
Nutmeg	N/A
Paprika	N/A
Pepper	Sunflower
Tamarind	N/A
Turmeric	N/A
Vanilla	N/A

Sugar Crops

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Sugarbeet	N/A
Sugarcane	N/A
Sweet Sorghum	N/A

Vegetables

Crop Name	Trap Crop Name	Remarks
Amaranth	N/A
Annual Moringa	N/A
Ash Gourd	N/A
Asparagus	N/A
Babycorn	Beans Legumes Napier Grass Soybean Sunflower Sudan Grass
Basella	N/A
Beetroot	N/A
Bellary Onion	N/A
Bhendi	N/A
Bitter Gourd	Ribbed Gourd
Bottle Gourd	N/A
Brinjal	N/A
Broadbeans	Chrysanthemum
Brussels Sprout	N/A
Butter Bean	N/A
Cabbage	Chinese Cabbage (1:15) Indian Mustard (1:15) Seasame (2 Rows:25 Rows) Radish (1:15)
Capsicum	N/A
Carrot	N/A
Cauliflower	Seasame (2 Rows:25 Rows)
Celery	N/A
Ceylon Spinach	N/A
Chakravathi Keerai	N/A
Chekurmanis	N/A
Chickpea	N/A
Chillies	N/A
Chinese Cabbage	N/A
Chinese Potato	Marigold
Chow chow	N/A
Cluster Beans	N/A
Coccinia	N/A
Colocasia	N/A
Cucumber	N/A
Curry Leaf	N/A
Dioscorea	N/A
Elephant Foot Yam	N/A
French Bean	N/A
Gherkin	N/A
Knol-khol	N/A
Lablab	N/A
Lettuce	N/A
Mint	N/A
Musk Melon	N/A
Palak	N/A
Paprika	N/A
Peas	N/A
Potato	Horse Radish Marigold
Pumpkin	N/A
Radish	N/A
Rhubarb	N/A
Ribbed Gourd	N/A
Small Onion	N/A
Snake Gourd	N/A
Soybean	N/A
Sweet Potato	N/A
Tapioca	N/A
Tinda	N/A
Tomato	Cucumber (1:15) Marigold (1:15) Sunflower
Turnip	N/A
Vegetable Cowpea	N/A
Watermelon	N/A
Winged Bean	N/A